Sohrai painting, an indigenous mural art form originating from the Hazaribagh region of Jharkhand, holds immense cultural, historical, and socio-economic significance. Rooted deeply in the agrarian and ritualistic practices of various tribal communities—including the Santhal, Munda, Oraon, and Kurmi—this art form traditionally adorns the mud walls of village homes during the annual harvest festival, Sohrai. Characterized by vibrant, earthy pigments sourced from local soils, Sohrai paintings vividly reflect the intimate connection between tribal life, nature, spirituality, and ancestral heritage.
Despite their cultural richness and aesthetic uniqueness, Sohrai paintings and their artisans face numerous challenges that threaten their survival and prosperity. Urban migration, modernization, lack of structured market access, diminishing natural resources, and limited institutional support have gradually eroded the traditional ecosystem sustaining this vibrant craft.
The Sohrai Improvement Assessment Framework has been developed as a structured diagnostic tool to systematically evaluate and understand the present conditions, needs, and opportunities pertaining to the Sohrai art tradition and its artisans. The purpose of this assessment is to create a holistic and actionable roadmap for preserving the cultural integrity of Sohrai art, while simultaneously promoting sustainable economic empowerment and community development.
Based on the findings, a structured assessment framework was devised to identify core areas of improvement and guide strategic interventions. The assessment is organized into nine thematic categories, each comprising multiple indicators. Each indicator was scored on a scale of 1 to 10 (with 10 being the highest), allowing for a comparative evaluation of strengths and gaps across the cluster.
The areas of improvement have been grouped into eight thematic categories, T1 to T8 as listed in above chart, for clarity and strategic planning. These thematic categories holistically encompass a wide range of socio-economic, cultural, environmental, and infrastructural dimensions that impact the sustainability and growth of the Sohrai Painting, and ultimately the entire cluster.
T1. Economic Empowerment and Livelihoods
Focuses on the financial well-being of artisans through market access, income generation, and supportive infrastructure.
a. - Market Access and Visibility
Limited to local markets, minimal external visibility
b. - Fair Pricing and Income
Inconsistent income and generally low pricing
c. - Access to Financial Support
Minimal formal financial support or credit access
d. - Infrastructure and Workspace
Poor infrastructure, home-based informal settings
e. - Monitoring and Data Collection
Lack of structured data collection or monitoring
f. - Entrepreneurship and Value Addition
Limited entrepreneurial activities, minimal value addition
g. - Supply Chain and Logistics
Weak logistical support and fragmented supply chains
h. - Access to Government Schemes
Limited awareness and low access to government schemes
T2. Cultural Preservation and Heritage
a. - Cultural Preservation Efforts
Active informal preservation, limited formal structures
b. - Legal Protection and GI Tag Awareness
Moderate GI awareness, limited legal protections utilized
c. - Storytelling and Cultural Branding
Limited structured storytelling or branding
d. - Inclusion in Tourism Circuits
Very limited inclusion in tourism circuits
e. - Cultural Event Participation and Representation
High participation locally, limited external representation
f. - Archival and Museum Inclusion
Sparse inclusion in archival and museum displays
T3. Capacity Building and Skill Development
Focuses on continuous learning, skill upgradation, and leadership creation within the artisan ecosystem.
a. - Skill Development Programs
Few formal programs, mostly informal skill transfer
b. - Design Innovation
Limited design innovation and contemporary adaptation
c. - Leadership and Mentorship Development
Minimal structured mentorship programs
d. - Trainer and Master Artisan Networks
Informal networks exist but lack formal support
e. - Business and Soft Skills Training
Limited access to business and soft skills training
f. - Monitoring and Evaluation
Minimal monitoring and evaluation practices
T4. Design, Innovation, and Product Development
Focuses on market driven product and design development
a. - Adaptation to Textiles, Paper, Decor
Moderate diversification into new product categories
b. - Originality in Design Forms
Strong traditional designs, limited contemporary originality
c. - Access to Formal Design Mentorship
Virtually no access to formal mentorship
d. - New Product Development
Limited structured product innovation
e. - Cross-Cultural Inspiration
Minimal exposure to external design influences
f. - Market Research and Feedback
Very limited structured market research
T5. Youth and Community Engagement
Focuses on market driven product and design development
a. - Youth Engagement
Decreasing youth engagement
a. - Community Collaboration
Moderate inter-community collaborative efforts
c. - Parental and Family Influence on Craft Learning
Strong familial influence, but weakening
d. - Peer Motivation and Role Modeling
Limited structured peer encouragement
e. - Community Festivals and Collective Making
Strong festival-based collective making traditions
T6. Health, Sustainability, and Working Conditions
Targets physical well-being, eco-conscious production, and improved working environments.
a. - Health and Ergonomic Practices
Low awareness of ergonomics and health risks
b. - Sustainable Practices
Limited formal sustainable resource management
c. - Access to Health and Social Security Services
Poor access to healthcare and social security
d. - Workplace Sanitation and Safety
Generally inadequate safety and sanitation
e. - Climate-Responsive Working Conditions
Minimal adaptation to climate-responsive practices
f. - Storage and Display Solutions
Poor storage and inadequate display options
g. - Availability of Tools & Materials
Declining availability of essential materials
h. - Dedicated Workspaces
Lack of dedicated workspaces for artisans
T7. Digital Inclusion and Advocacy
Concerns the ability of artisans to engage with the digital economy and influence policies.
a. - Digital Literacy and Online Presence
Minimal online presence and digital skills
b. - Policy Advocacy and Representation
Limited structured advocacy and policy engagement
c. - Access to Digital Infrastructure
Very limited access to reliable digital infrastructure
d. - E-commerce Readiness and Training
Virtually no e-commerce capabilities
e. - Content Creation and Language Accessibility
Limited multilingual and accessible content creation
T8. Education and Knowledge Systems
Deals with functional literacy, integration of traditional wisdom, and institutional knowledge sharing.
a. - Functional Literacy and Education Access
Moderate literacy levels, limited formal education access
b. - Traditional Knowledge
Strong preservation of traditional craft knowledge
c. - Research and Knowledge Exchange
Limited research and knowledge sharing activities
d. - Skill-based Vocational Learning in Schools
Minimal vocational education in formal schools
e. - Artisan-Led Community Learning Circles
Limited structured community learning initiatives
f. - Language Inclusion and Multilingual Learning Tools
Limited multilingual educational resources
T9. Climate Resilience and Environmental Impact
Explores how changing environmental patterns affect livelihoods and encourages ecological stewardship.
a - Impact of Climate on Livelihoods
Increasingly unpredictable climate impacting resources
b - Eco-friendly Resource Use
Traditional eco-friendly practices, minimal formal sustainability
c - Environmental Education and Stewardship
Minimal structured environmental education
d - Waste Management and Resource Efficiency
Poor waste management and resource utilization
e - Climate Adaptation Awareness
Low awareness of climate adaptation methods
f - Forest and Biodiversity Coexistence Practices
Traditional practices present but limited formal support
SWOT Analysis of Sohrai Painting Cluster synthesizes the outcomes of the Sohrai Improvement Assessment, providing a structured understanding of the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats impacting the Sohrai cluster of Hazaribagh.
Strengths
Strong Cultural Integration
Deeply rooted in community festivals and rituals, especially the Sohrai festival.
Sohrai art is intrinsically woven into the social fabric of tribal communities, sustaining its practice through ritualistic significance. Artisans and communities maintain deep pride, enabling organic preservation of techniques and motifs.
Women’s Cultural Stewardship
Significant participation and leadership by women artisans ensure tradition preservation.
Women lead the artistic practices, maintaining and transferring traditional knowledge through maternal lines, ensuring continuity and active cultural stewardship.
Mother-to-Daughter Training System
Effective traditional knowledge transfer within families.
Art skills and symbolic meanings are organically transferred between generations, preserving cultural authenticity despite external influences.
Weaknesses
Limited Market Access and Sales Platforms
Sohrai products are confined mostly to local markets, lacking wider visibility and sales channels.
Artisans predominantly rely on occasional local fairs or NGO initiatives, limiting their economic opportunities and restricting their ability to scale commercially.
Irregular and Low Income
Income from Sohrai is seasonal, inconsistent, and insufficient for livelihood sustainability.
Dependence on seasonal festivals and occasional exhibitions makes income highly unpredictable, discouraging younger generations from pursuing the craft professionally.
Poor Infrastructure and Workspace
Artisans operate in constrained and unsuitable home-based environments.
Lack of dedicated workspaces and proper storage solutions negatively impacts productivity, product quality, and artisans’ overall wellbeing.
Lack of Design Innovation and Formal Training
Minimal contemporary design innovation and absence of formal design education.
Limited access to formal training and mentorship programs prevents artisans from exploring contemporary market preferences, reducing commercial viability.
Opportunities
Increasing Demand for Sustainable and Cultural Products
Growing domestic and international appreciation for culturally authentic and eco-friendly art products.
There’s an expanding global market that values handmade, sustainable, and culturally significant crafts, which Sohrai paintings can effectively tap into with strategic interventions.
Potential for Product Diversification
Opportunity to diversify Sohrai into textiles, home décor, stationery, and other lifestyle products.
Artisans can leverage traditional motifs and techniques by adapting designs to contemporary products, significantly increasing their market appeal.
Supportive Government Schemes and NGO Initiatives
Government policies and NGO support increasingly focus on preserving traditional crafts.
Growing interest by state and central agencies, alongside NGO interventions, provides opportunities for enhanced financial support, capacity building, and market linkage development.
Digital and Social Media Platforms
Rising digital penetration presents opportunities to reach broader audiences.
Effective use of digital platforms such as e-commerce, social media, and virtual galleries can vastly enhance the visibility, market reach, and direct sales opportunities for Sohrai products.
Threats
Rapid Urbanization and Loss of Traditional Architecture
Decline in traditional mud-walled homes reduces natural spaces available for mural painting.
Urbanization and the shift towards concrete housing directly threaten traditional wall-based practices, compelling artisans to find alternative mediums or risk losing authenticity.
Depletion of Natural Resources and Pigments
Increasing difficulty in sourcing natural pigments used traditionally.
Unchecked ecological degradation and limited resource management strategies risk the loss of critical natural pigment resources essential for maintaining traditional Sohrai techniques.
Youth Migration and Declining Interest
Younger generations show declining interest, choosing urban employment opportunities over traditional crafts.
Migration due to lack of economic incentives or sustainable livelihoods leads to significant erosion of knowledge and skills, posing existential risks to the craft’s continuity.
Competition from Commercialized and Imitative Products
Increased availability of cheaper, mass-produced, machine-made replicas threatens authentic Sohrai products.
Market infiltration by lower-quality, mass-produced alternatives can undermine artisanal credibility, eroding market share and reducing artisans’ potential incomes.
Enhancing Economic Viability
Develop sustainable market linkages through online platforms, curated exhibitions, and direct buyer-artisan interfaces, improving income stability.
Capacity Building and Training
Establish formal training programs and design innovation workshops focused on contemporary product development, design diversification, and entrepreneurial skills.
Infrastructure Development
Facilitate creation of dedicated community art centers, workspaces, and raw material banks to improve production efficiency and quality.
Cultural Branding and Protection
Secure stronger intellectual property protections such as Geographical Indication (GI) tags, promoting authenticity and fair value realization.
Youth Engagement Initiatives
Develop targeted interventions, educational programs, and incentives to motivate youth involvement, ensuring generational transfer and continuity.
Environmental Sustainability Measures
Implement sustainable sourcing and conservation strategies for natural pigments and resources, including local ecological management plans.